Why are we Kind to Strangers and Mean to Loved Ones?

By David Hennessy, Clinical Psychologist

It is a very human paradox: we can be polite and considerate with strangers, yet impatient or unkind with those we love most. However, this is not evidence of poor character or lack of care. Rather, it reflects predictable features of human attachment, emotion regulation, and interpersonal learning.

As a result, understanding these patterns allows us to respond more compassionately and effectively to ourselves and others.

This theme connects closely with how our minds make meaning in emotionally charged situations, which is explored further in
Thoughts Are Not Facts.

Safety and Attachment Security

Attachment theory describes how secure relationships act as a safe base from which we explore and express our emotions [1]. When we feel safe, we drop the social guard that protects us in less familiar settings. That safety enables closeness but also means frustration, stress, and fatigue can spill over more easily at home.

This idea is explored in more depth in
What Are Attachment Wounds?.

Emotional Intensity and Investment

Because loved ones matter deeply to us, our nervous system treats their reactions as highly significant. Emotional investment heightens sensitivity to perceived rejection or disapproval [2]. Small disagreements can therefore trigger outsized responses, not from malice but from the depth of connection itself.

Related patterns are discussed in
Why Our Inner Voice Is So Mean.

Self-Regulation and Limited Self-Control

Self-regulation is a finite resource. Effortful self-control consumes mental energy [3]. After a demanding day, this regulatory capacity is reduced, leaving us more prone to irritability or sharpness with those who are closest and safest. Subsequent emotion regulation research supports this principle [4].

This is explored further in
How the Autonomic Nervous System Responds to Pain.

Habits and Learned Patterns

Family environments shape communication style and conflict habits. When irritability, sarcasm, or withdrawal are normalised early, these patterns may be repeated unconsciously in adulthood [5]. Importantly, relational habits can change with awareness and practice.

Important Differentiation From Domestic and Family Violence

The patterns described here reflect normal emotional reactivity in otherwise respectful relationships. They are distinct from domestic or family violence, which involves patterns of intimidation, control, fear, or harm.

If you feel unsafe or controlled, or if conflict escalates to fear or threat, this is a serious safety issue requiring specialised support.

In Australia, contact 1800RESPECT (1800 737 732). In emergencies, call 000.

Corrective Practices That Help

Pause and Regulate

Brief pauses allow the nervous system to settle. Even short moments of slowing the breath or noticing tension can reduce impulsive reactions and support emotional balance [4].

Name Emotions Out Loud

Clear emotional naming reduces misunderstanding and promotes empathy. This skill is central to dialectical behaviour therapy approaches [6].

Repair Ruptures Quickly

Relationship satisfaction is higher when ruptures are repaired early [7]. Repair may involve acknowledgement, apology, or reconnection. Evidence supports the effectiveness of Gottman Method Couple Therapy, including in affair recovery [8].

See also
Firm but Fair: A Healthy Guideline for All Relationships.

Practise Self-Compassion

Self-compassion supports emotion regulation and psychological wellbeing. Meta-analytic and controlled trials show consistent benefits across mental health outcomes [9–13].

Enquiries and Appointments

To discuss these themes in therapy, please visit
https://hennessyclinicalpsychology.com/contact/.

References

1. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
2. Laurenceau, J. P., Barrett, L. F., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (2005). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 61–78). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252–1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252
4. Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
5. Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Castalia.
6. Linehan, M. M. (2015). DBT skills training handouts and worksheets. Guilford Press.
7. Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (2015). The seven principles for making marriage work. Harmony.
8. Greenman, P. S. (2023). Gottman Method Couple Therapy. The Family Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807231210123
9. Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). Mindful Self-Compassion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923
10. Ferrari, M., et al. (2019). Self-compassion interventions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02005
11. Huang, J., et al. (2021). Self-compassion intervention effects. Mindfulness, 12, 1451–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01614-8
12. Woodfin, V., et al. (2022). Brief self-compassion intervention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1971.
13. Shah, S., et al. (2025). Online self-compassion interventions. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-025-02606-8