What is Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)?

"Cartoon psychologist David Hennessy explaining Functional Neurological Disorder What is FND? (FND) with a brain diagram on a whiteboard."

What is FND? (Functional Neurological Disorder) By David Hennessy, Clinical Psychologist

Functional Neurological Disorder is a condition in which individuals experience genuine neurological symptoms, such as movement disorders, sensory disturbances, or seizures—that cannot be explained by structural or organic damage to the nervous system. Often misunderstood and misdiagnosed, FND involves disruption in how the brain sends and receives signals, despite the absence of identifiable structural abnormalities.

Common Symptoms of Functional Neurological Disorder

People with FND typically experience symptoms that fluctuate and vary greatly between individuals. Common symptoms include:

  • Movement Difficulties: Tremors, spasms, limb weakness, abnormal gait.
  • Sensory Issues: Numbness, tingling, visual disturbances, hearing difficulties.
  • Seizure-like Episodes: Known as functional or dissociative seizures; these resemble epileptic seizures but are not caused by abnormal electrical activity.
  • Cognitive and Communication Problems: Difficulty concentrating, memory lapses, speech disturbances.

Why Does FND Occur?

FND results from complex interactions between neurological functioning, psychological factors, and environmental stressors. Modern understanding points towards disrupted communication between the conscious and subconscious processing systems in the brain. Although emotional or psychological stress can exacerbate symptoms, it is important to emphasise that symptoms are involuntary and not intentionally produced by the person.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis typically involves thorough neurological examination and testing (such as MRI or EEG) to rule out organic causes. Clinical diagnosis focuses on identifying positive features of FND, rather than just excluding other conditions.

Effective treatment typically includes:

  • Multidisciplinary Team Approaches: Collaboration between neurologists, psychologists, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists.
  • Psychological Support: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), psychoeducation, and trauma-informed therapy can assist in managing stress and emotional contributors.
  • Physical Rehabilitation: Physiotherapy designed specifically for FND helps retrain neural pathways and improve function.

Living with Functional Neurlogical Disorder: A Holistic Perspective

It is vital to approach FND compassionately and holistically, recognising its profound impact on daily life. Open communication, validation of symptoms, and tailored therapeutic strategies significantly enhance quality of life and functioning.

References & Resources

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